What does video voyeurism involve in terms of probable cause?

Video voyeurism is defined as the act of secretly observing, recording, or broadcasting individuals without their consent for personal pleasure or gratification. This behavior violates an individual's right to privacy, which is a fundamental legal principle. In terms of probable cause, law enforcement needs to establish that there is a reasonable belief that such invasive actions have occurred. When assessing probable cause in cases of video voyeurism, evidence would typically point to the secretive nature of the actions—such as hidden cameras, lack of the victim's knowledge, or intent to capture private moments for sensational or sexual gratification.

The other scenarios do not align with the definition of video voyeurism. For example, using surveillance with consent would not breach privacy, nor would receiving photographs without the intent to distribute if they were obtained legally. Additionally, public recording for safety purposes falls outside the realm of voyeuristic intent, as it typically serves a community safety function rather than personal gratification. Thus, the correct answer reflects the essential elements of video voyeurism by highlighting the intent to secretly record or broadcast someone for personal satisfaction.